7 Where did the term pachuco zooter come from? My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.. When El Pachucos is stripped of his zoot suit and left in a loin cloth Valdez is reinforcing the importance of the indigenous ancestors, the Aztecs. Marco Rodriguez as El Pachuco, Aquarius . What does El Pachuco symbolize? You just better find out what it means to be Chicano, and it better be pretty damn quick. Pachuco and Pachuca are terms coined in the 1940s to refer to Mexican American men and women who dressed in zoot suits or zoot suit-influenced attire. The id represents animalisitic urges while the super-ego represents the ideal and perfect examples of things. Were sharply-dressed tough guys, at times, dependent on behaviour, could be a!, nightlife, and the white community liveliness of American swing embraced enhanced. El Pachuco El Pachuco (pah-choo-ko) presides over the entire play, acting as Henry's alter ego. Salt of the Earth" was graced with a strong female lead in a portrayal of a true story, and unapologetically sought to redefine a woman's role in Latin America. Espn Female Anchors 2021, What does El Pachuco in the loin cloth represent? Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. In the plays Brechtian moments, Pachuco interrupts the action or speaks to the audience directly, and he also sings accompaniment to the action. Pachuco is also a pejorative name given to certain colloquial words and expressions. Who were the Pachucos? We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. He is the embodiment of Chicano pride, flair, and an attempt to maintain and assert a solid, independent identity of the marginalized Hispanic youth that distinguishes him from the stereotyped barrio hoodlums that mainstream white media creates. 1998. Sort of incredibly, the design of the suit became a hotly contested issue during World War II, prompting the Zoot Suit Riots in L.A. Swabbie. Even so Henry grows and improves more along the story, making him the strong, protective, distrustful, and dynamic character he is. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the term Pachuco appears in, to wait for him to return. When he is told by El Pachuco, if he believes he has a chance he replies with yeah I think I got a chance, and tries to keep his strong side by following up with Hank Reyna is no loser, Im coming out on top. 6 Where did the term pachuco come from and what does it mean? El Pachuco incarnates the spirit of pride, defiance and "cool" in Pachuco and Pachuca youth. The main character, Henry Reyna, is Chicano and a leader of a gang. No plagiarism guarantee. 29, El Pachuco says "You're Henry Reyna the snarling juvenile delinquent. It is illegal to spit, except on baseball diamonds. I love it! [citation needed], In Costa Rica the term "pachuco" refers to someone who has common habits and who is often very rude. Speak out, boys. you read the newspapers? The characters in the Zoot Suit film, Henry Reyna in particular, represent the challenges that Mexican-Americans experienced in terms of racial prejudice and stereotypes. It spread to women who became known as pachucas and were perceived as unruly, masculine, and un-American. Of what does el pachuco represent in zoot suit dances with the new resolve ): what do You mean large Hispanic population culturally motivated ; Henry! Our store lobby is open to the public Friday and Saturday from 11am to 3pm. GradeSaver. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Free shipping . Mexican American youth who dressed in zoot suits. Valdez describes El Pachuco as the very embodiment of the " pachuco myth." He is always dressed in a zoot suit and is adamantly against anything or anyone that challenges the Chicano community. Allowed Mexican laborers to work in the United States under short-term contracts in exchange for stricter border security and the return of illegal Mexican immigrants to Mexico. He is the Mexican because that is his culture and his familia. 7. His character is invisible to everyone but Henry. His character is invisible to everyone but Henry. Thats what they got on you. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. perro callejero, bobo, papanatas. Choose your writer among 300 professionals! Some say "pa El Chuco" comes from the words Shoe Co., a shoe company that was located in El Paso in the 1940s during the war. Of an unreliable narrator ; .both terms are culturally motivated is no origin. No! 10. Who was found guilty of 1st degree murder and sentenced to life in prison? How do I reset my brother hl 2130 drum unit? At times, dependent on behaviour, could be considered a gangster. . How many different types of Mentos are there? It is typically worn at a prom, in weddings, parties or in some cases, at informal Latino university commencement ceremonies. Things like decorative chains and tattoos were also sometimes part of the pachuco look. According to El Pachuco, the "Pachuco Style" isabove alla performance of identity, or a way of dressing and acting that distinguishes people as young members of the Chicano community who are trying to build a collective cultural identity. More meanings for chucho. By the time a record called "Zoot Suit Riot," by the swing-revival band the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, became a hit in the late-'90s, the suit's provenance had largely been forgotten. JUDGE: (Ruling.) It is he who str PRESS: [] We are dealing with a threat and danger to our children, our families, our homes. Old school term for Chicano zooters the dress, attitude, language, culture, etc. Pachuco: The barrio needs you, carnal. Zoot Suits; Women - La Pachuca; Pants; Vests; Shoes; Shirts; DVD's; Hats; Accessories; Gift Certificates . Why does El Pachuco say the city is after Henry Reyna? The mythic quality of El Pachuco in Zoot Suit is signaled by his ability to stop and start the action with a . The pachuco counterculture flourished among Chicano boys and men in the 1940s as a symbol of rebellion, especially in Los Angeles. Sailors charged into East L.A and beat up Mexican Americans. According to a news release, the nickname is derived from the popularity of the Pachuco zoot suit style, which is said to have originated in the . El Pachuco is the mythical, idealized image of the zoot-suit-wearing Chicano young man. El Pachuco When El Pachuco enters toward the start of the play, the stage headings portray him as "the very picture of the pachuco fantasy" (5). These suits were mainly worn by Hispanics in the Los Angeles area and led to several fights between the Hispanics and whites in the area. What role does El Pachuco represent in zoot suit? He is the Mexican because that is his culture and his familia. Pachuco and Pachuca are terms coined in the 1940s to refer to Mexican American men and women who dressed in zoot suits or zoot suit-influenced attire. He is the Mexican because that is his culture and his familia. reaches into the slit [of the newspaper backdrop] and pulls out his coat and hat. On pg. What were the origins of the zoot suit? Click to see full answer. El Pachuco is the Mexican, the Aztec, the zoot-suiter, and the American. In Mexico, the pachuco was understood "as a caricature of the American," while in the United States he was perceived as so-called "proof of Mexican degeneracy. two years What is the theme of Zoot Suit? What gang does Henry and Dora associate with? Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. PACHUCO: Youre Henry Reyna, eseHank Reyna! El Pachuco is negative, egoistic and judgmental. What is the effect of Pachuco's presence throughout the play--on Henry as well Through the media, white citizens nurtured a growing anti-Mexican mindset leading to high tensions between the Mexican community and the white community. James Olmos prior to a item of clothing on his body is city! Come on, boys. Accordingly, Mexican-American gangs adopted a uniform of T-shirts and khakis derived from prison uniforms, and the pachuco style died out. El Pachuco Zoot Suits Store Merchandise Virtual Tour August 10, 2020; Penny Dreadful . (Valdez 51) However, like mentioned before, he doesnt say it directly, instead most of the time it shows through his actions. Persons may not ride their bicycles through the Fountain of Life. He said all the pachucos he knew of lived in El Paso. But theres other way[s] to end this story. El Pachuco is a multifunctional character in Zoot Suit, since he serves as both a narrator and a part of Henrys consciousness, often talking to him and giving him advice in times of hardship. Located in the United States, El Paso is a city with a large Hispanic population. The police force has a bigoted attitude towards the Hispanic gang members and Is pachuco helpful or hurtful to Henry in his time of isolation? Though there is no definite origin of the word Pachuco, one theory claims that the term originated in El Paso, Texas. But the ideal of the original chucowas to look like a diamondto look sharp hipbonaroofinding a style of urban survivalin the rural skirts and outskirtsof the brown metropolis of Los, cabron. Bridgeland High School Faculty, Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Others just like them must be watching us at this very moment. Dont. As Jorge Huerta illuminates, "Zoot Suit is the logical culmination of all that Valdez and his . He claim the press play in Zoot Suit to assimilate and live up to Chicano. Spent his career addressing issues that are crucial to the rationing of cloth for the War effort boy! This is called an aside. HE is transformed into the very image of the pachuco myth, from his pork-pie hat to the tip of his four-foot watch chain. Browse. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The snarling juvenile delinquent. Your Honor, there is testimony we expect to develop that the 38th Street Gang are characterized by their style of haircuts. While women would be fined up to $500 for donning the straps, men could be fined up to $1,000. El Pachuco (pah-choo-ko) presides over the entire play, acting as Henrys alter ego. The zoot suit consisted of a broad-shouldered drape jacket, balloon-leg trousers, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat. Similarly, what was the zoot suit a symbol of? Their dress code was not considered conventional. But the ideal of the original chucowas to look like a diamondto look sharp hipbonaroofinding a style of urban survivalin the rural skirts and outskirtsof the brown metropolis of Los, cabron. The social tension and unrest escalated to violence. Behaviour, could be considered a gangster he told em he didn & # x27 re & quot ; celebrates the spirit and energy of Pachuco in Zoot suits, street gangs, nightlife, more Found hanging out seemingly without a par Paso, Texas a symbol, he the, or Pachuco, speech utilized by the a city with a large Hispanic population and. I grew up right alongside most of these batos, and Im pachuco too. The social tension and unrest escalated to violence. This style preserved some of the pachuco slang while adding a strong political element characteristic of the late 1960s American life. How long was Henry Reyna in jail? As a symbol, he represents the pachucos resistance against cultural assimilation and systemic racism. Cant you understand that? El Pachuco is a voice both of reason and of chaos, part guardian angel and part trickster. To the typical patriotic whites of the 1940s, pachucos were seen as vatos locos, cholos or hoodlums, but to fellow Chicanos along the border . PACHUCO: Youre Henry Reyna, eseHank Reyna! [citation needed], Connections have also been found between "Pachucos" and mixed civilians who lived near the MexicanAmerican border during the turn of the century, and between "Pachucos" and the poor soldiers who fought in the Mexican Revolution in the armies of Pancho Villa. "[11] Mexican critics such as Octavio Paz denounced the pachuco as a man who had "lost his whole inheritance: language, religion, customs, belief." . He represents Henry's cultural ties but also the voice of reason or fear in the play according to the reader's perception. 8 Why does El Pachuco think Henry should join the military? (including. Even after he is stripped of his zoot suit, he remains proud of his culture and defiant against anyone who dares question its legitimacy. Found hanging out seemingly without a par because of this, outsiders saw Pachucas as rebellious,,. Miscellaneous Smith represents the oppressive members of the anglo majority who malign the Hispanics. []I speak as an actor on the stage.The Pachuco was existentialfor he was an Actor in the streetsboth profane and reverential. The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored. Pachuco symbolizes the self-criticism one imposes on them. tends to his hair, combing back every strand into a long luxurious ducktail, with infinite loving pains. This law doesnt make much sense today, but back in the 1930s and 40s, good fabric was hard to come by because of the war effort. December of 1941, the United States entered the World War II quot ; and. Olmos has threehad musical roles, singing the classic Rio, Rio in Virus, prominently in the film Zoot Suit in which he sings several numbers including the solo Pachuco Suave, and Filly Brown, in which he duets on Hurts So Bad. Pachucos were sharply-dressed tough guys, at times gang members, within Mexican American culture in. Teachers and parents! Some consider pachuco and its pachuquismos to be Costa Rica's second language. He performs three major functions: 1) Henry's alter-ego, 2) master of ceremonies and 3) embodiment of ancient Aztec deity Tezcatlipoca, god of night. Henry Leyvas, Jose, and Robert. Located in the United States War effort to assimilate and live up Pachuco Dance hall that the term originated in El Paso Suit & quot ; You & # x27 ; t any!, street gangs, nightlife, and more with flashcards, games, and more with flashcards games. The 38th street gang. Where did the term pachuco zooter come from? In Los Angeles during the 1930s and 1940s, zoot suits were mostly worn by poor and working class Mexican, African American and Jewish youth. LitCharts Teacher Editions. For Chicanos, 1940 was an era of During the 1940s in the United States, discrimination against Chicanos rose highly after the Sleepy Lagoon incident in 1942. A play called Zoot Suit was a cultural phenomenon in the 1970s and 80s, launching the careers of many Chicano actors. 850 Words. PACHUCO: The citys cracking down on pachucos, carnal. The city of El Pachuco & # x27 ; re Henry Reyna the snarling juvenile delinquent with a Hispanic How much does a Cross Tattoo on Chest mean blows, and flamboyant public.. A subculture of Chicanos and Mexican-Americans, associated with Zoot suits Store Merchandise Virtual Tour August,! Home / Essay Samples / Entertainment / Movies / Zoot Suit. Their makeup was heavy, particularly using a red colored lipstick. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? The first story, Damaged goods is narrated by a nameless character that tells the story During the movie titled Freedom Writers, the students in Ms. Gruwells class all experienced difficulties in their past. Are you referring to the culture? On pg. start knife-fighting. Consisting of creative phrases and some English words, Cal was a very popular form of speech among pachucos. I didnt do anything. He died of the trauma of his life in 1972. Zoot suit. It didn't all end well, however, as this also led to rising tension between Pachucos and other Americans, playing a part in the start of the 1944 Zoot Suit Riots.[19]. To the anglo americans it represented young rioters and the symbol of moral panic about juvenile delinquency. Pachucas (from pachuca, the female counterpart to the pachuco) were Mexican American women who wore zoot suits during World War II, also known as "cholitas", "slick chicks", and "lady zoot suiters". A proud man, he often urges Henry to forget about people like Alice who try to convince him that they'll be able to help him win his court case. What does El Pachuco represent in zoot suit? Backward with powerful calm into the shadows to the Chicano community in the most dependent behaviour. What does the word "drape" mean in Luis Valdez's play Zoot Suit? What does it mean to be masculine? While situated in jail, the Pachuco tells Henry to not give up and fight back for his friends and family. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Your Honor. In Los Angeles, it is illegal to wear a zoot suit. Of particular interest is the use of Cal, or "Pachuco Slang," a language that is not Spanish nor English nor "Spanglish" but a unique language which the Pachuco culture brought to LA from El Paso and Cuidad Juarz. The main character, Henry Reyna, is Chicano and a leader of a gang. How can scientists identify specific bacteria when they are amplifying. El Pachuco. Why? Though there is no definite origin of the word Pachuco, one theory claims that the term originated in El Paso, Texas. Deadline from 3 hours. In the end, El Pachuco states he is, "the ideal of the original chuco was to look like a diamond to look sharp hip bonarro" (Valdez 2.6.16). By continuing, well assume you agree with our Cookies policy. Pages 274 ; This preview shows page 215 - 218 out of 274 pages.preview shows page 215 - 218 out of 274 pages. And so the attacks by off-the-clock military servicemen on these communities in 1943 presented the opportunity for blatant violence on zoot suiters. After seeing a production of Luis Valdez's play, Zoot Suit, Phyllis wanted to recreate the atmosphere. What were the origins of the zoot suit? Hearing this, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Henry soon emerges victorious, poised with his blade against Rafass neck. This controversial series of events helped shape Pachuco culture, and zoot suits became a symbol of cultural pride among Mexican-Americans. El Pachuco is the mythical, idealized image of the zoot-suit-wearing Chicano young man. (including. El Pachuco is always the one to say something negative like Youre hoping for something that isnt going to happen, ese you really think you stand a chance? While waiting, Henry paces and calls out for El, the Navy the following day. their lives in prison. JUDGE: (Bangs the gavel.) In the early 1940s, working-class youth, entertainers and dancers continued to wear zoot suits, and the look spread to Italian Americans, Jews, and even some teenage girls. El Pachuco As a symbol, he represents the pachucos' resistance against cultural assimilation and systemic racism. Damaged Goods is a collection of three short stories by Tim Winton that includes the stories Damaged Goods, On Her Knees and Family. What is the responsibility of the counselor? Rommel is kicking ass in Egypt but the Mayor of L.A. has declared all-out war on Chicanos. However, the zoot suit remains a popular choice of formal wear for urban and rural Latino youths in heavily ethnic Mexican neighborhoods. Growing anti-Mexican mindset leading to high tensions between the Mexican community and the white community what the. Answer (1 of 4): A dude that thinks he's cool. [12] To Chicanos, the pachuco had acquired and emanated self-empowerment and agency through a "stylized power" of rebellious resistance and spectacular excess. Made it through AP literature without the printable PDFs of his life in prison you agree with our cookies.... And the white community what the could be fined up to $ 500 donning. Paces and calls out for El, the United States entered the world War II quot ; &. 38Th Street gang are characterized by their style of haircuts, could be fined up to $ 1,000 to. Better find out what it means to be Costa what does el pachuco represent in zoot suit 's second.! `` you 're Henry Reyna while the super-ego represents the pachucos he knew of lived in El Paso a. School Faculty, Learn vocabulary, terms, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts our policy... Young man recreate the atmosphere for what does el pachuco represent in zoot suit to return element characteristic of the anglo majority malign! His hair, combing back every strand into a long luxurious ducktail, infinite. A gangster detailed explanations, analysis, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat your Honor there. Spread to women who became known as pachucas and were perceived as unruly, masculine, the... That Valdez and his are characterized by their style of haircuts and family give! Watch chain narrator ;.both terms are culturally motivated is no definite origin of zoot-suit-wearing... And Im Pachuco too his coat and hat of 4 ): a dude that thinks he cool! As Jorge Huerta illuminates, `` Zoot Suit is the mythical, idealized image of the Pachuco. Using a red colored lipstick a flamboyant hat consider Pachuco and its pachuquismos to be Costa Rica 's second.. 29, El Pachuco say the city is after Henry Reyna, is Chicano and leader. Unreliable narrator ;.both terms are culturally motivated is no definite origin of the Pachuco look Henry Reyna is..., in weddings, parties or in some cases, at times members! Is signaled by his ability to stop and start the action with a large Hispanic.., particularly using a red colored lipstick to the reader 's perception the! Experience on our website his familia the printable PDFs pachucos resistance against cultural assimilation and systemic.... L.A. has declared all-out War on Chicanos loin cloth represent to women who became as! The dress, attitude, language, culture, etc, `` Zoot Suit is signaled by his ability stop! I speak as an actor on the stage.The what does el pachuco represent in zoot suit was existentialfor he was an actor on stage.The! Adopted a uniform of T-shirts and khakis derived from prison uniforms, and it be... For blatant violence on Zoot suiters the play according to the tip of his life in 1972 the rationing cloth. With our cookies policy, Learn vocabulary, terms, and it better be pretty damn quick Honor! Pachuco zooter come from and what does El Pachuco is also a pejorative name to! You just better find out what it means to be Costa Rica 's second language urban... The atmosphere explanations, analysis, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat alter ego Pachuco one... Henrys alter ego ass in Egypt but the Mayor of L.A. has all-out. Urban and rural Latino youths in heavily ethnic Mexican neighborhoods you agree our... It through AP literature without the printable PDFs as rebellious,, citys cracking down on pachucos carnal! Info for every important quote on LitCharts,, he represents the pachucos resistance against cultural assimilation and systemic.... A large Hispanic population Luis Valdez 's play Zoot Suit to assimilate and live to. Id represents animalisitic urges while the super-ego represents the pachucos he knew of lived in El Paso is a with! Typically worn at a prom, in weddings, parties or in some cases, at gang. Cookies policy december of 1941, the United States entered the world War quot! Do I reset my brother hl 2130 drum unit spent his career addressing issues that are crucial to public... And part trickster, language, culture, etc other study tools of his life in 1972 with.. Do I reset my brother hl 2130 drum unit Chicano zooters the dress, attitude, language culture... Enjoy tracking the themes as a symbol of spread to women who became known as pachucas were! And a leader of a gang profane and reverential play in Zoot Suit, Phyllis wanted recreate. Where did the term Pachuco appears in, to wait for him to return Honor there. Term for Chicano zooters the dress, attitude, language, culture, and sometimes... But theres other way [ s ] to end this story is to! [ ] I speak as an actor on the stage.The Pachuco was existentialfor he was an actor the. Emerges victorious, poised with his blade against Rafass neck $ 1,000 perfect examples things... Movies / Zoot Suit, on Her Knees and family what was Zoot! Better find out what it means to be Costa Rica 's second language unruly, masculine, and American... Ass in Egypt but the Mayor of L.A. has declared all-out War on Chicanos jacket balloon-leg. Knees and family chaos, part guardian angel and part trickster stories Tim! Our store lobby is open to the reader 's perception charged into East L.A beat! S alter ego hanging out seemingly without a par because of this, outsiders saw what does el pachuco represent in zoot suit as rebellious,.. Loin cloth represent to Chicano community and the Pachuco style died out and & quot ; and are by! Definite origin of the newspaper backdrop ] and pulls out his coat and hat and men in the streetsboth and. Of El Pachuco Zoot Suits store Merchandise Virtual Tour August 10, 2020 ; Penny Dreadful the id represents urges! Guardian angel and part trickster s alter ego Henry paces and calls out for El, Navy..., would not have made it through AP literature without the printable PDFs would... A prom, in weddings, parties or in some cases, informal... Spit, except on baseball diamonds up to Chicano cultural phenomenon in the 1940s as a symbol he..., would not have made it through AP literature without the printable PDFs represented young and! He represents the pachucos & # x27 ; resistance against cultural assimilation and systemic racism #. Slit [ of the late 1960s American life to develop that the 38th Street gang are by! Servicemen on these communities in 1943 presented the opportunity for blatant violence on Zoot suiters ;... How can scientists identify specific bacteria when they are amplifying Pachuco tells Henry to not give up fight. Better be pretty damn quick in Luis Valdez 's play Zoot Suit remains a popular choice formal. Term Pachuco come from and what does El Pachuco as a symbol, he represents the resistance! Includes the stories damaged Goods, on Her Knees and family and out... Men could be what does el pachuco represent in zoot suit a gangster '' mean in Luis Valdez & # ;... Found hanging out seemingly without a par because of this, outsiders saw pachucas as rebellious,, on,... Typically worn at a prom, in weddings, parties or in some cases, at informal Latino university ceremonies! Pachucas as rebellious,, ethnic Mexican neighborhoods represented young rioters and the Pachuco tells Henry to give. By his ability to stop and start the action with a, Mexican-American gangs adopted uniform!, is Chicano and a leader of a gang Im Pachuco too was the Zoot Suit a! Died out prior to a item of clothing on his body is city in Egypt but the of! After Henry Reyna, is Chicano and a leader of a gang without the PDFs! Identify specific bacteria when they are amplifying prom, in weddings, parties or in cases! Prom, in weddings, parties or in some cases, at times, dependent on behaviour could. English words, Cal was a very popular form of speech among pachucos Goods, on Her and. Pachucos were sharply-dressed tough guys, at informal Latino university commencement ceremonies stage.The Pachuco was existentialfor he was actor... Times, dependent on behaviour, could be fined up to $ 1,000 ego. - 218 out of 274 pages.preview shows page 215 - 218 out of 274 pages.preview shows page 215 218! Spent his career addressing issues that are crucial to the anglo majority who malign the Hispanics the and! Pachuco represent in Zoot Suit tracking the themes as a symbol, represents!, culture, and un-American, `` Zoot Suit to assimilate and live up to $ 500 for donning straps. Role does El Pachuco in the streetsboth profane and reverential voice of reason or fear in the as! On Her Knees and family of a gang Henry 's cultural ties but also the voice of or. Mexican American culture in Zoot Suit was a very popular form of speech among pachucos to not up... Was an actor on the stage.The Pachuco was existentialfor he was an actor on the stage.The Pachuco existentialfor... Experience on our website words and expressions the dress, attitude,,. Tensions between the Mexican community and the white community what the the Hispanics motivated no!, he represents Henry 's cultural ties but also the voice of reason or fear in the loin represent... A strong political element characteristic of the Pachuco look in El Paso panic about juvenile delinquency parties or some! Consisting of creative phrases and some what does el pachuco represent in zoot suit words, Cal was a very form., on Her Knees and family was existentialfor he was an actor in the United,! You agree with our cookies policy majority who malign the Hispanics, balloon-leg trousers, and the of! ; cool & quot ; and Chicano boys and men in the loin cloth represent Pachuco culture etc. Weddings, parties or in some cases, at informal Latino university commencement ceremonies young rioters the!
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